鎬庢牱鍒跺畾涓涓湁鏁堢殑欏圭洰璁″垝
1銆佺洰鏍囧彲棰勬湡
棣栧厛錛岄」鐩鍒掑寘鍚簡欏圭洰鍒╃泭鐩稿叧鏂瑰欏圭洰鎴愭灉鐨勯鏈燂紝鍖呮嫭瀵瑰悇綾諱腑闂寸粨鏋滅殑棰勬湡銆傝繖閲岄渶瑕佺壒鍒己璋冪殑鏄紝欏圭洰寰堝皯鑳藉鐢遍」鐩粍鑷繁鐙珛瀹屾垚錛屽畠闇瑕佹墍鏈夐」鐩埄鐩婄浉鍏蟲柟鐨勬敮鎸併傚埄鐩婄浉鍏蟲柟涓嶄細鏃犵紭鏃犳晠鍦版敮鎸侀」鐩紝浠栦滑闇瑕佷粠欏圭洰涓緱鍒拌嚜宸辨兂瑕佺殑涓滆タ銆傚緢澶氫漢鍦ㄨ瀹氶」鐩洰鏍囨椂鍙冭檻浜嗗鎴鋒垨鑰呭叾瀹冨皯鏁板埄鐩婄浉鍏蟲柟瀵歸」鐩殑鏈熸湜錛岃繖鏄繙榪滀笉澶熺殑銆?br />
鍏舵錛岄」鐩洰鏍囧簲璇ュ緱鍒版墍鏈夐」鐩埄鐩婄浉鍏蟲柟涓鑷寸殑鐞嗚В鍜岃鍚屻傜珛鍦虹殑涓嶅悓浼氫嬌浜轟滑瀵瑰悓鏍風殑浜嬬墿浜х敓涓嶅悓鐨勭湅娉曪紝鎴栬呰錛屾垜浠兘澶熺湅鍒扮殑浠庢潵閮戒笉鏄瑙備笘鐣屾湰韜紝鎴戜滑鍙兘鐪嬪埌鍦ㄦ垜浠績鐩腑鍙嶆槧鍑烘潵鐨勪笘鐣屻傚洜姝わ紝欏圭洰鐩爣闇瑕佽冭檻鍒頒笉鍚屽埄鐩婄浉鍏蟲柟鐨勭珛鍦恒佽冭檻鍒板彲鑳戒駭鐢熺殑姝т箟鍜屽啿紿併傚彧鏈夊湪娑堥櫎浜嗘涔夊拰鍐茬獊涔嬪悗寰楀埌鐨勭洰鏍囨墠鑳芥槸涓涓湁鏁堢殑鐩爣銆?br />
鏈鍚庯紝鐩爣瑕佺粡榪囧彲琛屾ц璇併傚彲琛屾ц璇佷笉鏄畝鍗曡涓鍙モ滃仛姝ｇ‘鐨勪簨鈥濋偅涔堢畝鍗曘傛垜浠幇鍦ㄧ湅鍒扮殑鏈夊緢澶氭槸鈥滃彲鎵規ц璇佲濓紝榪欐槸涓縐嶅厛鏈夌粨璁哄啀鍘誨鎵劇悊鐢便佸厛灝勭鍐嶇敾闈跺瓙鐨勫仛娉曘傚綋鐒訛紝榪樻湁鏇村彲鎭剁殑鍋氭硶錛屽氨鏄滆帿欏繪湁鈥濓紝鍗蟲媿鑴戣錛屾牴鏈笉闇瑕佽璇佺殑鍋氭硶銆傚悗鑰呭湪鎴戝浗寰堟湁甯傚満錛岃繖涓庨暱鏈熶互鏉ュ艦鎴愮殑涓漢宕囨嫓鏂囧寲鏈夊叧錛岃涓嬪睘鈥滄儻鍧忕殑鈥濅笂鍙告湁鏃跺欒繃浜庣浉淇¤嚜宸辯殑鐩磋銆備笉鍙惁璁わ紝澶у鏁伴」鐩槸緇忚繃鍙鎬ц璇佺殑錛屽彲鎯滈」鐩疄鏂界殑緇撴灉渚濈劧鏈夐棶棰樸傚榪欎釜鐜拌薄浜轟滑緇忓父灝嗚矗浠誨綊緇撲負鎵ц鍔涳紝濂藉儚鎵ц鍔涙槸鍖呮不鐧劇梾鐨勮壇鑽傝繖鏄竴縐嶁滃埢鑸熸眰鍓戔濈殑鍋氭硶銆傚叾瀹烇紝鎴戜滑鐨勫緢澶氬彲琛屾х爺絀舵槸鐞嗘兂鍖栫殑鎶鏈佺粡嫻庡彲琛屾х爺絀訛紝鑰屽拷瑙嗕簡綆＄悊鍙鎬х爺絀躲傜幇瀹炵殑鎯呭喌鏄紝涓鍒囬」鐩墍闇瑕佺殑璧勬簮閮介渶瑕侀氳繃鏈夋晥鐨勭鐞嗘墠鑳借搗浣滅敤錛屼笉鍖呭惈綆＄悊鍙鎬х爺絀剁殑欏圭洰鈥滃彲琛屾х爺絀垛濇槸涓嶈兘浜堜互鎺ュ彈鐨勩?br />
2銆佽祫婧愬彲璋冨害
棣栧厛錛岄」鐩鍒掍腑鐨勮祫婧愯兘澶熷緱鍒扮粍緇囦繚闅溿傚湪欏圭洰澶辮觸鐨勫師鍥犱腑錛岀粍緇囨柟闈㈢殑闂騫沖潎鍗犲埌33%錛屽彲瑙佹湁鏁堥」鐩粍緇囩殑閲嶈鎬с傝繖閲岃鐨勭粍緇囦繚闅滐紝涓昏榪樹笉鏄寚欏圭洰緇勭殑緇勭粐錛岃屾槸鍦ㄤ紒涓氬眰闈笂涔冭嚦鍖呭惈浼佷笟澶栭儴欏圭洰鍒╃泭鐩稿叧鏂瑰湪鍐呯殑欏圭洰璧勬簮鐨勬潵婧愩佺浉浜掑叧緋誨拰鏉冨埄/璐ｄ換騫沖彴錛岀畝鍗曡鏉ュ氨鏄滀換鍔¤惤瀹炪佷漢鍛樿惤瀹炪佺粍緇囪惤瀹炩濄傛墍璋撲換鍔¤惤瀹烇紝鏄寚欏圭洰鐨勬瘡欏逛換鍔￠兘鏈夎矗浠諱漢;鎵璋撲漢鍛樿惤瀹炴槸鎸囨瘡涓」鐩埄鐩婄浉鍏蟲柟閮芥槑紜拰鎺ュ彈浜嗗悇鑷殑璐ｄ換;鎵璋撶粍緇囪惤瀹烇紝鏄寚鍖呭惈浜嗕漢鍛橀厤鍚堛佸叡鍚屽崗璋冪殑鏈哄埗鍜屾柟寮忋?br />
鍏舵錛屽璧勬簮鐨勯渶姹傛暟閲忋佽川閲忋侀渶姹傛椂闂淬侀噴鏀炬椂闂存湁娓呮櫚瀹氫箟銆傝繖鏂歸潰闇瑕佽В鍐崇殑闂鏄滄潵寰椾簡銆佸共寰楀ソ銆佽蛋寰楁垚鈥濄傝浣胯祫婧愬湪闇瑕佺殑鏃跺欒兘鏉ワ紝灝辮姹傚璧勬簮鐨勬暟閲忋佽川閲忓仛濂戒及璁★紝榪欐槸涓涓父璇嗐傜劧鑰岋紝瀹規槗琚漢蹇借鐨勬槸錛屽父瑙佺殑欏圭洰璁″垝涓璧勬簮鍙幏寰楁ч斿緞鎻忚堪寰椾笉澶熴傝繖浼間箮鏄竴浜涚鐞嗚亴鑳介儴闂ㄧ殑浜嬫儏錛屼絾鏄紝瀹冧滑鐨勭‘鏄」鐩鍒掍腑涓嶅彲鎴栫己鐨勯儴鍒嗐傝浣塊」鐩祫婧愮壒鍒槸欏圭洰浜哄姏璧勬簮鍒頒綅鍚庤兘澶熻繀閫熻繘鍏ヨ鑹層佽繀閫熶駭鐢熸垚鏋滐紝灝遍渶瑕佸浠栦滑鐨勪換鍔″唴瀹廣佷換鍔℃帴鍙ｅ叧緋匯佸彲(闇)浣跨敤宸ュ叿絳夊仛濂藉厖鍒嗙殑鍑嗗錛岃繖浜涗篃蹇呴』鍖呭惈鍦ㄩ」鐩鍒掍腑銆備嬌璧勬簮鍦ㄨ浣跨敤鍚庤兘澶熼『鍒╂挙鍑洪」鐩互渚胯鍏朵粬欏圭洰浣跨敤鏄崄鍒嗛噸瑕佺殑錛岃鍋氬埌榪欎竴鐐癸紝鍦ㄨ繘琛岄」鐩鍒掓椂錛屽氨闇瑕佽鏄庨」鐩煡璇嗙殑鏄劇幇銆佸垎浜柟寮忋?br />
鏈鍚庯紝鍒╃泭鐩稿叧鏂瑰皢欏圭洰璧勬簮綰沖叆鍏剁鐞嗚鍒掋備紒涓氱殑鑱岃兘閮ㄩ棬鎺屾彙鐫欏圭洰鎵闇瑕佺殑寰堝璧勬簮錛岃繕鏈変竴浜涜祫婧愬瓨鍦ㄤ簬浼佷笟澶栭儴鐨勫叾浠栧埄鐩婄浉鍏蟲柟閭ｉ噷銆傝繖浜涢儴闂ㄦ垨鏈烘瀯騫朵笉鏄彧涓轟竴涓」鐩湇鍔★紝鍥犳錛屽湪鍋氶」鐩鍒掓椂鑷鎴栦笉鑷鍦板亣璁懼畠浠嫢鏈夌殑璧勬簮灝辨槸欏圭洰鑳藉璋冪敤鐨勮祫婧愭槸涓嶇幇瀹炵殑銆傛湁鏁堢殑欏圭洰璁″垝闇瑕佷笌榪欎簺閮ㄩ棬鎴栨満鏋勭殑璧勬簮浣跨敤璁″垝鐩稿尮閰嶏紝濡傛灉鍋氫笉鍒拌繖涓鐐癸紝欏圭洰璁″垝鐨勬湁鏁堟у氨瑕佸ぇ鎵撴姌鎵ｃ?br />
3銆佸彉鍖栧彲鎺у埗
棣栧厛錛屾惌寤虹ǔ瀹氱殑欏圭洰鏋舵瀯錛屾灦鏋勭ǔ瀹氫簡錛屽湪欏圭洰瀹炴柦榪囩▼涓敱浜庡彉鍖栭犳垚鐨勬崯澶卞氨浼氬皬寰堝銆傚緢澶氬彉鍖栨槸鐢變簬瀹㈡埛瀵歸」鐩殑闇姹傚彂鐢熶簡鍙樺寲鑰屽紩璧風殑錛岄仐鎲劇殑鏄紝鎴戜滑涓鑸笉鑳芥湡鏈涘鎴蜂竴涓嬪瓙灝嗛渶姹傚畾涔夋竻妤氾紝鏇村悎鐞嗙殑鍋氭硶鏄紝鎴戜滑璁ゅ彲瀵歸渶姹傜殑鍙樺寲鏄鎴風殑鏉冨埄錛屽緩绔嬪疄鐜伴」鐩渶姹傜殑紼沖畾鐨勯」鐩妧鏈鏋躲佸熀綰?baseline)絳夊垯鏄垜浠殑涔夊姟銆傚湪涓ユ牸鐨勭ǔ瀹氭灦鏋勫熀紜涓婄殑鏈夐檺鑷敱搴︽槸鎺у埗欏圭洰闇姹傚彉鍖栫殑鍩烘湰鍘熷垯銆傝鍋氬埌榪欎竴鐐癸紝闇瑕佸拰瀹㈡埛璋堝垽錛岃璁╁鎴蜂箖鑷沖繀瑕佺殑鍏朵粬鍒╃泭鐩稿叧鏂瑰弬涓庨」鐩鍒掔殑鍒跺畾錛岃嚦灝戣浠栦滑鍙備笌璁″垝鐨勮瘎瀹°傛垜浠粰瀹㈡埛鐨勪換浣曟壙璇洪兘鏄湁鏉′歡鐨勶紝浣嗘槸錛屽鎴蜂竴鑸彧浼氳浣忔垜浠殑鎵胯錛岃屽皢鏉′歡蹇樺緱涓騫蹭簩鍑銆備粠榪欎釜鎰忎箟涓婄湅錛岄」鐩殑鎴愭灉涓嶆槸騫插嚭鏉ョ殑錛岃屾槸鍜屽埄鐩婄浉鍏蟲柟璋堝垽寰楁潵鐨勩?br />
鍏舵錛岄」鐩鍒掗渶瑕佽冭檻鍒氭у拰寮規х殑緇撳悎闂錛岃灝介噺鍋氬埌浠ュ垰鎬ф崲寮規с傜敱浜庨」鐩腑瀛樺湪璇稿涓嶇‘瀹氭э紝涓涓病鏈夊脊鎬х殑璁″垝鏄棤鏁堢殑銆傗滅壍涓鍙戣屽姩鍏ㄨ韓鈥濇槸瀵歸」鐩彉鏇寸殑鍐欑収錛屽欏圭洰鏉ヨ錛屽緢鍙椾竴浜涗漢縐伴亾鐨勨滃脊鎬у伐浣滃埗鈥濅竴鑸笉鑳介傜敤錛屽洜涓轟竴涓漢宸ヤ綔鏃墮棿鐨勫脊鎬т細寮曡搗鍏朵粬璧勬簮鐨勮繛閿佸弽搴斻備笌閮ㄩ棬宸ヤ綔涓嶅悓錛岄」鐩祫婧愰兘鏄復鏃舵х殑錛屽畠(浠?浠湪涓嶅悓鏃墮棿孌靛皢琚嬌鐢ㄤ簬涓嶅悓鐨勯」鐩紝涓涓祫婧愯鍒掔殑鍙樻洿浼氬紩璧蜂竴涓垨澶氫釜欏圭洰鐨勯渿鑽°傞」鐩鍒掔殑鍒氭т笌寮規х殑緇撳悎鏂瑰紡鏈変互涓嬪嚑縐嶏細璧勬簮鍒頒綅鐨勬椂闂村厑璁告湁寮規э紝浣嗘槸璧勬簮琚崰鐢ㄧ殑鏃墮棿鍒欐槸鍒氭х殑;闈炲叧閿祫婧愮殑鍒頒綅鏃墮棿鏄脊鎬х殑錛屽叧閿祫婧愮殑鍒頒綅鏃墮棿鍒欐槸鍒氭х殑;涓鑸椿鍔ㄧ殑鍙樻洿鎺у埗鏄脊鎬х殑錛屽叧閿椿鍔ㄧ殑鍙樻洿鎺у埗鍒欐槸鍒氭х殑銆傞」鐩鍒掍腑鐨勫垰鎬у拰寮規х殑杈╄瘉鍏崇郴鏄崄鍒嗗煎緱鐮旂┒鐨勮棰橈紝浠ヨ壊鍒楃鐞嗛【闂瓻.M.Goldratt鎻愬嚭浜嗕竴縐嶅彨鍋氣滃叧閿摼鈥濈殑鏂規硶鍊煎緱鍊熼壌錛屾湁鍏磋叮鐨勮鑰呭彲浠ユ煡鎵劇浉鍏寵祫鏂欍?br />
鏈鍚庯紝鍊熷姪閰嶇疆綆＄悊鎻愰珮欏圭洰鍙樻洿鐨勭鐞嗗姏搴︺傞氳繃鍙樻洿鎺у埗濮斿憳浼?Change Control Board錛孋CB)鏉ュ欏圭洰鍙樻洿榪涜璇勫鏄紬鎵鍛ㄧ煡鐨勶紝浣嗘槸錛岄厤緗鐞?Configuration Management)榪欎釜璇嶄技涔庤繕鍙槸鍦ㄨ蔣浠跺紑鍙戦」鐩瓑灝戞暟棰嗗煙涓轟漢鎵鐭ャ傞厤緗鐞嗙殑涓涓噸瑕佺洰鐨勫湪浜庡綋欏圭洰鏌愪釜灞閮ㄥ彂鐢熷彉鏇存椂錛岃兘澶熻繀閫熷皢榪欑鍙樻洿浼犻掑埌鍏寵仈鐨勫悇鏂癸紝浣垮畠浠悓姝ュ彉鏇達紝浠ュ敖閲忓噺灝戦」鐩悇閮ㄥ垎鐨勫啿紿併傛棦鐒跺彉鏇村湪鎵闅懼厤錛屽洜姝わ紝欏圭洰璁″垝涓篃蹇呴』鍖呭惈閰嶇疆綆＄悊鐨勮鍒掞紝浠呬粎渚濋潬璇勪環銆佸鎵圭瓑鏂瑰紡鏉ユ帶鍒跺彉鏇存槸涓嶅鐨勩?br />
4銆侀棶棰樺彲閬囪
棣栧厛錛岃緋葷粺鍦拌瘑鍒」鐩闄┿傗滀笉鎴樿屽眻浜轟箣鍏碉紝鍠勪箣鍠勮呬篃銆傗濆悓鏍鳳紝閬垮厤闂鐨勫彂鐢熸槸瑙ｅ喅闂鐨勬渶楂樺鐣屻備絾鏄紝鎴戜滑姘歌繙涓嶈兘鍋氬埌棰勭煡涓鍒囷紝鎴戜滑鑳藉仛鐨勬槸灝介噺浣塊闄╁彂鐢熸椂鎴戜滑涓嶈嚦浜庢劅鍒版剰澶栥傚湪欏圭洰璁″垝涓鏈夌郴緇熺殑椋庨櫓璇嗗埆銆佸垎鏋愩佸緗拰鐩戞帶鏂規硶錛岃鏈夋槑紜殑璐ｄ換浜?瑕侀鐣欏繀瑕佺殑璧勬簮錛屼互鍏嶉闄╁彂鐢熸椂鎺柦鎴愪簡涓鍙ョ┖璇?瑕佹竻鏅板畾涔夐闄╃殑瑙﹀彂鏈哄埗銆?br />
鍏舵錛岃鑳藉榪芥函闂鍙戠敓鐨勫師鍥犮傚嵆浣挎垜浠凡緇忚繘琛屼簡椋庨櫓鍒嗘瀽錛屼篃闅句繚涓嶄細鏈夐棶棰樼殑鍙戠敓錛屾墍浠ワ紝鍦ㄩ」鐩鍒掍腑灝遍渶瑕佹湁闂鍙戠敓浜嗚鎬庝箞鏌ユ壘鍘熷洜鐨勬祦紼嬪拰鏂規硶錛屼互淇濊瘉鍚屾牱鐨勯棶棰樹笉瑕侀噸澶嶅嚭鐜般?br />
鏈鍚庯紝鍖呭惈鏀硅繘宸ヤ綔鐨勬柟娉曘傝繖縐嶆柟娉曠殑瑕佺偣鏄細閲嶈緋葷粺涓庨噸瑙嗕漢騫墮噸銆傝鏈夎兘澶熷弽鏄燩DCA(璁″垝涓鎵ц涓媯鏌ヤ竴淇)寰幆鐨勬柟寮忔柟娉曪紝瑕佹湁娌熼氭満鍒躲佷細璁鍒掔瓑銆傝繖涓鐐瑰湪鎴戜互鍓嶇殑涓撴爮鏂囩珷涓凡璁茶繃寰堝錛岃繖閲岄渶瑕佸啀嬈″己璋冪殑鏄細娌熼氭案鏃犳澧冦?br />
5銆佷笟緇╁彲璇勪環
棣栧厛錛岄」鐩鍒掍腑闇瑕佸寘鍚浣曡瘎浠烽」鐩洟闃熺殑涓氱嘩銆傛敞鎰忥紝榪欓噷璇寸殑鏄滃洟闃熶笟緇┾濄傚叧浜庡洟闃燂紝浼間箮浜轟漢閮芥槑鐧藉畠鐨勫惈涔夈傜劧鑰岋紝鎵鏈夌殑鍥㈤槦閮介潰涓翠竴涓叡鍚岀殑闂錛氬浣曡鍥㈤槦鎴愬憳鍏卞悓鎵挎媴璐ｄ換銆傚叾瀹烇紝鎴戜滑姘歌繙涔熶笉鑳藉ア鏈涗漢浠兘澶熻嚜瑙夊湴鍏卞悓鎵挎媴璐ｄ換錛屾垜浠兘澶熷仛鐨勬槸璇勪及鍜屼繚鎸侀傚綋鐨勫帇鍔涖佹彁渚涢傚綋鐨勬柟娉曪紝鈥滆揩浣庫濆洟闃熸垚鍛樻剰璇嗗埌鍙湁鏆傛椂蹇樿涓漢鐨勫埄鐩婃墠鑳藉疄鐜伴」鐩洰鏍囷紝涔熸墠鑳藉浠栦滑鑷韓甯︽潵鍒╃泭銆傚浣曟彁渚涜繖浜涙柟娉曘佸浣曡 閲忚繖浜涘帇鍔涙槸鍚﹂傚綋絳夐兘闇瑕佸湪欏圭洰璁″垝涓敞鏄庛?br />
鍏舵錛屽寘鍚欏圭洰鍏朵粬鍒╃泭鐩稿叧鏂逛笟緇╃殑璇勪環鏂瑰紡銆傜壒鍒槸瀵逛紒涓氳亴鑳介儴闂ㄧ殑涓氱嘩璇勪環鏂瑰紡瑕佷笌欏圭洰鍥㈤槦銆侀」鐩垚鏋滅殑璇勪環鏂瑰紡鐩稿懠搴旓紝騫墮氳繃榪欎簺璇勪環鏉ヤ綋鐜拌亴鑳介儴闂ㄧ殑浠峰箋?br />
鏈鍚庯紝鍖呭惈瀵瑰洟闃熴佸洟闃熸垚鍛樸佽亴鑳介儴闂ㄤ箖鑷沖閮ㄥ埄鐩婄浉鍏蟲柟鐨勫埄鐩婂垎閰嶆柟寮忋傝瘎浠楓佸緩璁佹帹鑽愮瓑鏉冨埄涔熸槸涓縐嶅埄鐩娿傜粡榪囨竻鏅板畾涔夌殑欏圭洰緇忕悊銆佽亴鑳界粡鐞嗐佸閮ㄥ埄鐩婄浉鍏蟲柟絳夌殑璇勪環銆佸緩璁佹帹鑽愭潈鍚屾牱瀵逛粬浠槸鏈夋晥鐨勬縺鍔便?br />
浣滆咃細涓佽崳璐碉紝鑺傞夎嚜銆婂浣曟鏌ラ」鐩鍒掔殑鏈夋晥鎬с嬨?